Well seismic surveying
Translated from the French by Jacques Revol
Jean-Luc Mari
Françoise Coppens
Editions Technip
IFPÉcole du pétrole et des moteurs IFP School
PréfaceVII
Foreword (F. Verdier)XIII
Foreword (D. Chapellier)
XV
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Reflection Seismic
3
1.2 Well Seismic
3
1.2.1 Surface Shots
3
1.2.2 Shots in the Well
6
1.2.3 Well-to-Well Seismic
7
1.3 Outline of the Book
8
Chapter 2
Study of waves observable in well seismic surveying
2.1 Study of Waves with Normal Incidence
11
2.1.1 Volume Waves
11
2.1.2 Cable Waves and Tube Waves
21
2.1.2.1 Cable Waves21
2.1.2.2 Tube Waves
21
2.2 Study of Waves with Oblique Incidence
24
Chapter 3
Equipement and implementation
3.1 Well
29
3.2 Cable
29
3.3 Receiver System
29
3.4 Seismic Source
37
3.5 Signature Tool or Set of Three Surface Geophones
41
3.6 Data Acquisition System
41
3.7 Operational Sequence of VSP Surveys
41
3.7.1 Operational Sequence for a Conventional VSP in a Vertical Well
41
3.7.2 Operational Sequence for a VSP in a Highly-Deviated Well
42
3.7.3 Operational Sequence for an Offset VSP
44
3.7.4 Operational Sequence for a Seismic Walkaway
44
3.7.5 Notes
46
Chapter 4
Processing of well seismic data
4.1 Data Pre-processing
49
4.1.1 Data Preparation
49
4.1.2 Editing
49
4.1.3 Orientation Correction
50
4.1.4 Picking of First Arrivals
51
4.1.5 Spherical Divergence Correction
53
4.2 Wave Separation
55
4.2.1 Sum and Difference Filtering
57
4.2.2 Median Filtering
58
4.2.3 Wiener Filtering
60
4.2.4 Apparent Velocity Filtering
61
4.2.5 Filtering by Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
63
4.2.6 Spectral Matrix Filtering (SMF)
66
4.2.7 Parametric Method
76
4.2.8 Wave Separation with the Use of Polarization
81
4.2.9 Separation of P and S Waves by the Method Proposed by Dankbaar
86
4.2.10 Wave Separation by Pressure and Displacement Measurements
88
4.3 Seismic Imaging Processing
89
4.3.1 Processing of Well Data when the Source and Receiver are Located on a Same Line that is Perpendicular to the Layers
89
4.3.2 Processing of Well Data when the Source and Receiver are not Located on a Same Line that is Perpendicular to the Layers
97
4.3.3 Generation of the Seismic Image for an Offset VSP (Unique Source Point)
101
4.3.4 Generation of the Seismic Image for a Seismic Walkaway (Multiple Source Points)
102
4.3.5 Generation of the Seismic Image in Well-to-Well Seismic Surveying
103
4.3.6 Processing Examples
104
4.3.6.1 Offset VSP in a Vertical Well104
4.3.6.2 Seismic Walkaway107
4.3.6.3 Offset VSP in a Deviated Well
114
Chapter 5
Main applications of well seismic
5.1 VSP and Tying
119
5.2 VSP in P and S Waves
126
5.3 VSP and Attenuation
131
5.4 VSP and Stoneley Waves
133
5.5 Well Seismic and Dip Measurements
143
5.6 Reverse Well Seismic
161
5.6.1 Reverse Well Seismic Recorded While Drilling
161
5.6.2 Reverse Well Seismic Recorded After Drilling with a Well Source Lowered by the Cable
173
5.7 Well-to-Well Seismic
181
5.8 Well Seismic and Reservoir Monitoring
188
5.8.1 Geologic Description
189
5.8.2 Implementation and Seismic Data Processing
189
5.8.2.1 Implementation189
5.8.2.2 Processing of Well Data190
5.8.3 Comparative Study of Well Seismic Profiles: Qualitative Aspect
194
5.8.4 Comparative Study of Well Seismic Profiles: Quantitative Aspect
198
5.8.4.1 Estimate of the Height of Gas Infilling198
5.8.4.2 Estimate of Gas Saturation200
5.8.5 Conclusion
202
Chapter 6
Well imaging with the use of the geophysical radar
6.1 Reminders About the Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave
204
6.2 Radar Method in Wells: Principles
207
6.2.1 Well Radar in Reflection Mode
209
6.2.2 Well Radar in Tomography Mode
210
6.3 Application Examples
211
6.3.1 Application of the Well Radar with a VSP-Type Implementation
211
6.3.1.1 Determination of the Formation Velocity212
6.3.1.2 Determination of the Lateral Distance from the Diffracting Point213
6.3.2 Application of the Radar in Tomography Mode
213
Conclusion
217
Appendix 1
219
Appendix 2
225
Bibliography
229
Index
237