The Natural History of Santo
Philippe Bouchet/Hervé Le Guyader/Olivier Pascal
Institut de recherche pour le développement
Foreword by Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu
10
Introduction. The Natural History of Santo: An Attempt to Bridge the Gap
between Academic Research and Consevation and Education
11
Vanuatu in the South Pacific
13
Benoît Antheaume
Espiritu Santo in space and time
17
coordinated by Bruno Corbara
The Late Quaternaty Reefs
19
Guy Cabioch & Frederick W. Taylor
The Holocene and Pleistocene Marine Faunas Reconsidered
25
Pierre Lozouet, Alan Beu, Philippe Maestrati, Rufino Pineda & Jean-Louis Reyss
Geography of Santo and of the Sanma Province
34
Patricia Siméoni
Drainage, Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology
46
James P. Terry
The Climate of Santo
52
James P. Terry
Large-scale Climatic and Oceanic Conditions around Santo
57
Christophe Maes & David Varillon
A Brief History of Biodiversity Exploration and Scientific Expeditions
on and off the Island of Santo
62
Bruno Corbara & Bertrand Richer de Forges
Deforestation on Santo and Logging Operations
67
Rufino Pineda
The Impact of WWII on Infrastructures and Landscape
69
Laurent Palka & Rufino Pineda
Conservation Efforts in Santo
71
Samson Vilvil-Fare
Vegetation and Flora
73
coordinated by Jérôme Munzinger & Porter P. Lowry II
Exploration by the Santo 2006 Botany Team
75
Porter P. Lowry II & Jérôme Munzinger
Principal Types of Vegetation Occuring on Santo
76
Jérôme Munzinger, Porter P. Lowry II & Jean-Noël Labat
Phytogeographic Relationships
77
Gordon McPherson
How Old are the Kauri (Agathis microphylla) Trees?
83
Jonathan Palmer
The Flora of Santo
89
Some New, Characteristic or Remarkable Species
89
Gordon McPherson & Jérôme Munzinger
Focus on Araliaceae:
Several Genera Exemplify Santo's Melanesian Biogeographic Relations
90
Porter P. Lowry II & Gregory M. Plunkett
Focus on Geissois (Cunoniaceae):
Another Example of the Melanesian Connection
93
Yohan Pillon
Focus on Pandans
94
Thomas Haevermans
Focus on Orchids
97
Marc Pignal
Focus on Palms
102
Jean-Michel Dupuyoo
Focus on Ferns
105
Germinal Rouhan
Focus on Bryophytes
110
Elizabeth A. Brown
Fungi, the Forgotten Kingdom
113
Bart Buyck
Terrestrial Fauna
117
coordinated by Bruno Corbara
IBISCA-Santo Biodiversity Along an Altitudinal Gradient
119
Bruno Corbara on behalf of the IBISCA network
Insects on Santo
123
Focus on Orthoptera
123
Laure Desutter-Grandcolas, Sylvain Hugel & Tony Robillard
Termites in Santo: Lessons from a Survey in the Penaoru Area
128
Yves Roisin, Bruno Corbara, Thibaut Delsinne, Jérôme Orivel & Maurice Leponce
Focus on Bees and Wasps
131
Claire Villemant
Myrmecophily in Santo: A Canopy Ant-Plant and its Expected and Less Expected Inhabitants
143
Bruno Corbara
Beetles in Saratsi Range, Santo
146
Alexey K. Tishechkin, Jürgen Schmidl
Lepidoptera in Vanuatu: Fauna, Geography and the IBISCA-Santo Project
155
Roger L. Kitching
Other Invertebrates
161
Diversity of Spiders
161
Christine Rollard
Some Arthropods as Expressed in the Words of Penaoru Villagers
167
Bruno Corbara
Indigenous Land Snails
169
Benoît Fontaine, Olivier Gargominy & Vincent Prié
The Vertebrates of Santo
179
Terrestrial Bird Communities
179
Nicolas Barré, Thibaut Delsinne & Benoït Fontaine
Amphibians and Reptiles
187
Ivan Ineich
Rivers and other Freshwater Habitats
237
coordinated by Philippe Keith
Freshwater Habitat Types
239
Philippe Keith & Clara Lord
Freshwater Biota
242
Focus on Fish, Shrimps and Crabs
242
Philippe Keith, Clara Lord, Philippe Gerbeaux & Donna Kalfatak
Focus on Aquatic Insects
251
Arnold H. Staniczek
Focus on Freshwater Snails
257
Yasunori Kano, Elen E. Strong, Benoît Fontaine, Olivier Gargominy, Matthias Glaubrecht & Philippe Bouchet
Caves and Soils
265
coordinated by Louis Deharveng
The Karst Team
267
Louis Deharveng & Anne-Marie Sémah
Karst and Caves
269
Bernard Lips, Franck Bréhier, Denis Wirrmann, Nadir Lasson, Stefan Eberhard, Josiane Lips & Louis Deharveng
Caves as Archives
278
Denis Wirrmann, Jean-Christophe Galipaud, Anne-Marie Sémah & Tonyo Alcover
Ni-Vanuatu Perception and Attitudes Vis-à-Vis the Karstic Environment
284
Florence Brunois
Karst Habitats of Santo
288
Focus on Soils
288
Anne Bedos, Vincent Prié & Louis Deharveng
Focus on Cave Terrestrial Habitats
296
Louis Deharveng, Anne Bedos, Vincent Prié & Éric Queinnec
Focus on Guano
300
Louis Deharveng, Josiane Lips & Cahyo Rahmadi
Focus on Blue Holes
306
Stefan Eberhard, Nadir Lasson & Franck Bréhier
Focus on the Loren Cave
310
Franck Bréhier, Sephan Eberhard & Nadir Lasson
Focus on Anchialine Fauna
312
Geoff Boxshall & Damià Jaume
Karst Biota of Santo
316
Focus on Bats
316
Vincent Prié
Fish and Shrimps of Santo Karstic Systems
323
Marc Pouilly & Philippe Keith
Focus on Springtails
327
Louis Deharveng & Anne Bedos
Focus on Microcrustaceans
331
Damià Jaume, Geoff Boxshall & Eric Queinnec
Marine Ecosystems
335
coordinated by Philippe Bouchet
Benthic Algal and Seagrass Communities from Santo Island
in Relation to Habitat Diversity
337
Claude E. Payri
The Position of Santo in Relation to the Centre of Maximum Marine
Biodiversity (the Coral Triangle)
369
Bert W. Hoeksema & Adriaan Gittenberger
Focus on Selected (Micro)Habitats
373
Sulfide Rich Environments
373
Yasunori Kano & Takuma Haga
Marine Interstitial
375
Timea Neuser
Mangroves Environments of South East Santo
377
Jean-Claude Plaziat & Pierre Lozouet
Focus on Selected Biota
383
Checklist of the Fishes
383
Ronald Fricke, John L. Earle, Richard L. Pyle & Bernard Séret
Unusual and Spectacular Crustaceans
410
Tim-Yam Chan, Masako Mitsuhashi, Charles H.J.M. Fransen, Régis Cleva, Swee Hee Tan, Jose Christopher Mendoza,
Marivene Manuel-Santos & Peter K.L. Ng
The Marine Molluscs of Santo
421
Philippe Bouchet, Virginie Héros, Pierre Lozouet, Philippe Maestrati & Rudo von Cosel
A Rapid Assessment of the Marine Molluscs of Southeastern Santo
431
Fred E. Wells
Molluscs on Biogenic Substrates
438
Anders Warén
Marine Partnerships in Santo's Reef Environments:
Parasites, Commensals and Other Organisms that Live in Close Association
449
Stefano Schiaparelli, Charles Fransen & Marco Oliverio
Seaslugs: The Underwater Jewels of Santo
458
Yolanda E. Camacho & Marta Pola
Man and Nature
465
coordinated by Michel Pascal
Pre-European Times
467
Vertebrate Pre-Human Fauna of Santo: What Can we Expect to Find?
467
Joseph Antoni Alcover
The Prehistory of Santo
469
Jean-Christophe Galipaud
Introduced Biota
476
Overview: Introduced Species, the "Good", the "Worrisome" and the "Bad"
476
Michel Pascal, Olivier Lorvelec, Nicolas Barré, Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky & Marc Pignal
Focus on Synanthropic Mammals
480
Olivier Lorvelec & Michel Pascal
Focus on Feral Mammals
483
Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky & Anthony Harry
Focus on Alien Birds
488
Nicolas Barré
Focus on Introduced Amphibians and Reptiles
490
Olivier Lorvelec & Michel Pascal
Focus on Introduced Fish
494
Philippe Keith, Clara Lord, Donna Kalfatak & Philippe Gerbeaux
Focus on Alien Land Snails
495
Olivier Gargominy, Benoît Fontaine & Vincent Prié
Endemic, Native, Alien or Cryptogenic?
The Controversy of Santo Darkling Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
500
Laurent Soldati
The Case of Two Invasive Species: Mikania micrantha and Merremia peltata
503
Marc Pignal
Man Santo in his Environment
508
Food-Garden Biodiversity in Vanuatu
508
Sara Muller, Vincent Lebot & Annie Walter
At the Junction of Biological Cycles and Custom: the Night of the Palolo
515
Laurent Palka
Ni-Vanuatu Perceptions and Attitudes Vis-à-Vis Biodiversité
516
Florence Brunois & Marine Robillard
The Santo 2006 Expedition
523
The Santo 2006 Expedition from an Ethnologist's Point of View
525
Elsa Faugère
The "Making of" Santo 2006
529
Philippe Bouchet, Hervé Le Guyader, Olivier Pascal
Santo 2006 Expedition in the Classroom
549
Sophie Pons & Alain Pothet
Santo 2006 Expedition Participants List
550
Acknowledgements
553
Bibliography
557
Addresses of the Authors
564