1. Introduction 2. From Communist Crisis to Post-Communist Mutation 3. The West European Communists: Perpetual Crisis? 4. The Fall and (Partial) Rise of the Eastern European Communists 5. Modern Democratic Socialists or Old-Style Social Democrats? 6. Left-Wing Populism: Populist Socialists and Social Populists 7. Transnational Party Organizations: Towards a New International? 8. Parties and the Wider Movement 9. Explaining Electoral Success and Failure with Charlotte Rommerskirchen 10. Conclusion