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Stratigraphy : terminology and practice : work initiated by the French committee of stratigraphy

Résumé

Un état de l'art des méthodes stratigraphiques et de leur terminologie telles que la lithostratigraphie, la magnétostratigraphie, la biostratigraphie, etc. Pour chacune d'entre elles : une définition, le vocabulaire de base et les applications pratiques illustrées de cas concrets.


  • Contributeur(s)
  • Éditeur(s)
  • Date
    • 2008
  • Notes
    • Bibliogr. p. 149-163. Glossaire
  • Langues
    • Français
  • Description matérielle
    • 1 vol. (VII-163 p.) : ill. en noir et en coul., couv. ill. coul. ; 30 cm
  • Sujet(s)
  • ISBN
    • 978-2-7108-0910-4
  • Indice
    • 553 Géologie historique, stratigraphie
  • Quatrième de couverture
    • Stratigraphy Terminology and Practice

      This book, written by 33 stratigraphic experts, presents various processes available which will enable the location in time of all rock types : sedimentary, metamorphic, plutonic, and eruptive, whether they are in outcrop or at subsurface. The terminology and the appropriate practices for each method are presented in separate chapters and illustrated with concrete examples. The order of the chapters is modeled on the progression of the stratigraphic process, from the descriptive to the interpretative, from the methods of the geometric stratigraphy (lithostratigraphy and genetic stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy) to the chronological stratigraphy (biostratigraphy), followed by the chronometric stratigraphy (isotopic geochronology). The final two chapters are dedicated to chronostratigraphic units and correlations which combine the contributions of various methods and to the presentation of the 2007 version of the Geological Time Scale. The definitions of stratigraphic terms can be found in a glossary at the end of the work.

      The book is addressed to all professional geologists, from the industrial sector as well as those in universities, including teachers and researchers who would like to deepen their knowledge of the vocabulary, the concepts, the methods and the practical applications of different approaches of stratigraphy, a reference discipline for the entirety of the geological sciences.


  • Tables des matières
      • Stratigraphy

      • Terminology and practice

      • Jacques Rey and Simone Galeotti (Eds.)

      • Technip

      • AcknowledgmentsVIII
      • ForewordIX
      • Chapter 1. Stratigraphy : Foundations and perspectives
      • J. Rey
      • 1. - Definition of stratigraphy1
      • 2. - The language of stratigraphy1
      • 3. - The need for a common language1
      • 4. - Stratigraphic methods and processes2
      • 4.1. From geometric stratigraphy to chronometric stratigraphy2
      • 4.2. Stratigraphic methods2
      • 4.3. Stratigraphic markers3
      • 4.4. Applications of stratigraphic methods4
      • 5. - Stratigraphic trends4
      • 5.1. A multidisciplinary system4
      • 5.2. Universality4
      • 5.3. Accuracy4
      • 6. - Organization of the book5
      • Chapter 2. Lithostratigraphy from lithologic units to genetic stratigraphy
      • L. Courel (Coord.), J. Rey, P. Cotillon, J. Dumay, P. Mauriaud, P. Rabiller, J.F. Raynaud & G. Rusciadelli
      • 1. - Definition
      • (L. Courel & J. Rey)7
      • 2. - Lithostratigraphic units8
      • 2.1. Terminology8
      • 2.1.1. Surface units
      • (L. Courel)8
      • 2.1.2. Subsurface units
      • (J.F. Raynaud, P. Mauriaud & P. Rabiller)11
      • 2.2. Practice11
      • 2.2.1. Chronostratigraphic value of lithostratigraphic units
      • (L. Courel & J. Rey)11
      • 2.2.2. Specific issues in the definition of subsurface units12
      • (P. Mauriaud & J. Dumay)12
      • 3. - From sequences of objects to genetic sequences
      • (J. Rey)17
      • 3.1. Terminology17
      • 3.1.1. Sequences of objects17
      • 3.1.2. Facies sequences19
      • 3.1.3. Genetic sequences19
      • 3.2. Practice20
      • 3.2.1. Chronostratigraphic significance of sequences of objects20
      • 3.2.2. Relations between lithostratigraphic units, sequences of objects and genetic sequences20
      • 4. - Sequence stratigraphy
      • (G. Rusciadelli)20
      • 4.1. Definition20
      • 4.2. Terminology and concepts21
      • 4.2.1. Accomodation space21
      • 4.2.2. The sedimentary signature of accomodation changes22
      • 4.2.3. The sequence stratigraphic signature of the accomodation24
      • 4.3. Practice29
      • 4.3.1. The time-stratigraphic framework of sequences29
      • 4.3.2. The hierarchy of relative sea level cycles31
      • 5. - Lithologic cycles
      • (P. Cotillon)32
      • 5.1. Definition32
      • 5.2. Practice33
      • 5.2.1. Cycles characterization33
      • 5.2.2. Cycles, lithostratigraphic tools34
      • 6. - Conventions in lithostratigraphy37
      • 6.1. Naming, definition, publication of lithostratigraphic units
      • (L. Courel)37
      • 6.2. Procedure for condification of surface stratigraphic units
      • (J. Rey)38
      • 6.2.1. The case of lithostratigraphic units38
      • 6.2.2. The case of facies sequences38
      • 6.2.3. The case of genetic sequences38
      • 6.3. Procedure for codification of subsurface stratigraphic units
      • (J.-F. Raynaud)38
      • 6.3.1. Well logs and reference section of a lithostratigraphic unit38
      • 6.3.2. Reference material, nature, preservation and availability39
      • 6.3.3. Selection39
      • 6.3.4. Definition39
      • Chapter 3. Chemostratigraphy
      • M. Renard, J.C. Corbin, V. Daux, L. Emmanuel, F. Baudin & F. Tamburini
      • 1. - Definition41
      • 2. - Terminology41
      • 3. - Practice44
      • 3.1. CaCO3 fluctuations in pelagic carbonates44
      • 3.2. Oxygen stable isotope variations44
      • 3.3. Carbon stable isotope variations45
      • 3.4. Sulfur stable isotopes46
      • 3.5. Strontium stable isotopes47
      • 3.6. Trace elements in carbonates47
      • 3.7. Iridium anomalies49
      • 3.8. REE, Rare Earth Elements50
      • 3.9. Organic carbon and geochemical biomarkers50
      • 3.10. New Frontier in Chemostratigraphy52
      • 3.10.1 Oxygen isotopes52
      • 3.10.2 Impact of gas hydrates for the carbon isotopes52
      • 3.10.3 Strontium isotopes and other isotopes (e.g., osmium)52
      • 4. - Conclusion52
      • Chapter 4. Magnetostratigraphy
      • B. Galbrun (Coord.), N.K. Belkaaloul & L. Lanci
      • 1. - Definition53
      • 1.1. The earth's magnetic field53
      • 1.2. The time-averaged geomagnetic field : the axial dipole hypothesis54
      • 1.3. Reversals of the earth's magnetic field54
      • 2. - Terminology55
      • 2.1. Magnetostratigraphic polarity units55
      • 2.2. Nomenclature55
      • 3. - Practice56
      • 3.1. Field sampling56
      • 3.2. Sampling in sediments cores58
      • 3.3. Measurement of remanent magnetization58
      • 3.4. Samples demagnetization58
      • 3.4.1. Alternating field (AF) demagnetization59
      • 3.4.2. Thermal demagnetization59
      • 3.5. Rock magnetism59
      • 3.5.1. Identification of ferrimagnetic minerals in a rock59
      • 3.5.2. Curie Temperature analysis59
      • 3.5.3. Acquisition of thermal demagnetization of IRM59
      • 3.6. Analysis of magnetization components59
      • 3.6.1. Analysis of vector diagrams60
      • 3.6.2. Analysis of remagnetization circles60
      • 3.7. Corrections of the measured direction of remanent magnetization61
      • 3.7.1. Correction for orientation of sample (geographic correction)61
      • 3.7.2. Correction for tilt of bedding (tectonic correction)61
      • 3.8. Field tests of magnetization stability61
      • 3.8.1. Reversal test62
      • 3.8.2. Fold test62
      • 3.8.3. Conglomerate test62
      • 3.9. Statistical analysis of directions and poles62
      • 3.9.1. The Fisher distribution and its use in paleomagnetism62
      • 3.9.2. Calculation of virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) position and its confidence limits64
      • 3.9.3. VGP latitude64
      • 4. - Conclusions64
      • Chapter 5. Biostratigraphy from taxon to biozones and biozonal schemes
      • J. Thierry & S. Galeotti
      • 1. - Definition and aim65
      • 1.1. Introduction65
      • 1.2. The biostratigraphic procedures65
      • 1.3. Index fossils, isochrony, dating and correlations66
      • 1.4. Evolution of concepts and methods66
      • 1.5. The biozone, the basic unit of biostratigraphy66
      • 1.6. Definition and identification of biozones66
      • 2. - Concepts, methods and terms in biostratigraphy67
      • 2.1. Classical biostratigraphy and biostratigraphic units68
      • 2.1.1. Preliminary remarks68
      • 2.1.2. Kinds of biostratigraphic units69
      • 2.2. The logical biostratigraphy or Unitary Associations method74
      • 2.2.1. Definitions74
      • 2.2.2. The construction of biochronozones74
      • 2.3. « Statistical biostratigraphy »74
      • 2.3.1. Graphical methods75
      • 2.3.2. Semi-empirical methods76
      • 2.3.3. Multivariate analysis76
      • 2.3.4. Probabilistic methods77
      • 2.4. Hierarchy and sub-categories of biostratigraphic units77
      • 2.4.1. Biohorizon, zonule and marker-bed77
      • 2.4.2. Subbiozones and superbiozones78
      • 2.4.3. Unitary associations and biochronozones78
      • 3. - Practice78
      • 3.1. The steps of the procedure of biostratigraphy78
      • 3.2. Results of the classical biostratigraphy79
      • 3.2.1. Use of the classic biozones79
      • 3.2.2. Possible « diachronism of bioevents »82
      • 3.2.3. Significance, precision and reliability of the classical biozones82
      • 3.3. Results of the logical biostratigraphy83
      • 3.4. Results of the statistical biostratigraphy83
      • 3.5. Relations between the classic biostratigraphic units, the units of the logical biostratigraphy and the units of the statistical biostratigraphy85
      • 3.6. Relations between biochronology, geochronology and chronostratigraphy85
      • 3.6.1. Biochronology and chronostratigraphy : biozone and stage boundary85
      • 3.6.2. Biochronology and geochronology : the geochronologic calibration of biostratigraphic scales86
      • 3.7. Recommendations in biostratigraphy88
      • 3.7.1. Definition and denomination of biostratigraphic units88
      • 3.7.2. Validation of biostratigraphic units89
      • 3.7.3. Use of biozones and biostratigraphic scales89
      • Chapter 6. Isotope geochronology
      • N. Clauer & A. Cocherie
      • 1. - Introduction91
      • 2. - Description of methods92
      • 2.1. Potassium-argon methods : K-Ar, 40Ar/39Ar92
      • 2.2. Isochron type methods93
      • 2.3. U-Th-Pb method on separated minerals93
      • 3. - Technical aspects94
      • 3.1. Which geochronometers ?94
      • 3.2. Specific characteristics of sedimentary geochronometers94
      • 3.3. Initial isotopic homogenization95
      • 4. - Direct isotopic dating of sedimentary rocks96
      • 4.1. K-Ar, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd dating of Precambrian sediments96
      • 4.2. Other methods of stratigraphic dating of sediments97
      • 5. - Indirect isotopic dating of sedimentary rocks97
      • 6. - Conclusions98
      • Chapter 7. Specific stratigraphies
      • P. Lebret, R. Capdevila, M. Campy, M. Isambert, J.P. Lautridou, J.J. Macaire, F. Menillet, R. Meyer & A. De Goër de Herve
      • 1. - Stratigraphy of the metamorphic and plutonic terrains
      • (R. Capdevila)101
      • 1.1. The study of lithology, space-relations and chronology of plutonic and metamorphic bodies is pertaining to stratigraphy101
      • 1.2. How should plutonic and metamorphic bodies be considered ? as lithostratigraphic units or as units of lithostratigraphic class or as different units of class ?101
      • 1.3. Stratigraphic classification of bodies of igneous and metarmorphic rocks102
      • 1.3.1. Bodies of volcanic rocks and low-grade metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks102
      • 1.3.2. Bodies of unstratified plutonic and metamorphic rocks102
      • 1.3.3. Layered intrusions103
      • 2. - Geochronometry of precambrian time
      • (R. Capdevila)103
      • 2.1. Principales of geochronometric subdivision of the Precambrian104
      • 2.2. Subdivision method104
      • 2.3. Geochronometric units of the Precambrian104
      • 2.3.1. Archean104
      • 2.3.2. Protérozoic106
      • 3. - Stratigraphy of surficial formations
      • (P. Lebret (coord.), M. Campy, M. Isambert, J.-P. Lautridou, J.-J. Macaire, F. Menillet & R. Meyer)106
      • 3.1. Définition106
      • 3.2. Vocabulary : surficial formations ; study concepts and units107
      • 3.3. Study methods107
      • 4. - Quaternary stratigraphy
      • (P. Lebret (coord.), M. Campy, M. Isambert, J.-P. Lautridou, J.-J. Macaire, F. Menillet & R. Meyer)108
      • 4.1. Définition108
      • 4.2. Study methods108
      • 4.2.1. The Quaternary in an oceanic environment108
      • 4.2.2. The Quaternary in an oceanic environment108
      • 4.3. Practice : stratigraphic scales for the Quaternary109
      • 5. - Stratigraphy of volcanic terrains
      • (A. de Goër de Herve)109
      • 5.1. Presentation109
      • 5.2. Vocabulary109
      • 5.2.1. Volcanic and volcanogenic materials109
      • 5.2.2. Facies associations and lithostratigraphic units111
      • 5.2.3. Questionable vocabulary112
      • 5.3. Practice113
      • 5.3.1. Periodicity113
      • 5.3.2. Dating113
      • Chapter 8. Chronostratigraphic units and correlations
      • J. Rey (Coord.), L. Courel, J. Thierry, J.-F. Raynaud & S. Galeotti
      • 1. - Definition117
      • 2. - Terminology117
      • 2.1. The chronostratigraphic units117
      • 2.1.1. Chronostratigraphic, geochronologic and geochronometric units118
      • 2.1.2. The Stage118
      • 2.1.3. The System118
      • 2.1.4. The Era118
      • 2.1.5. The chronozone118
      • 2.2. The chronostratigraphic scale118
      • 2.2.1. The standard chronostratigraphic scale118
      • 2.2.2. The regional chronostratigraphic scales119
      • 2.2.3. The global chronostratigraphic scale and other stratigraphic scales119
      • 2.3. The stratotype119
      • 2.3.1. Definition119
      • 2.3.2. The unit stratotype119
      • 2.3.3. The boundary stratotype119
      • 2.4. The chrono-correlations120
      • 3. - Practice121
      • 3.1. Duration of chronostratigraphic units121
      • 3.2. Denomination of chronostratigraphic units121
      • 3.3. A semi-quantitative approach : the composite standard reference section121
      • 3.4. The procedure of integrated stratigraphy122
      • 3.5. Geochronometry of the Precambrian122
      • 3.6. Chronostratigraphy of the Plio-Quaternary interval123
      • 4. - Conclusions : The stratigraphictool123
      • 5. - Conventions123
      • 5.1. Main rules in the definition of chronostratigraphic units123
      • 5.2. Procedures for the ratification of chronostratigraphic units and their stratotypes123
      • Chapter 9. The geological time scale
      • F.M. Gradstein, James Ogg & Gabi Ogg
      • 1. - Introduction125
      • 2. - Boundary stratotypes125
      • 2.1. Definition125
      • 2.2. Klonk126
      • 2.3. Progress with GSSP's126
      • 3. - Reconcile proterozoic rock record with abstract time128
      • 4. - Units of time128
      • 5. - Building the geological time scale130
      • 6. - Sedimentary cycles130
      • 7. - Decay of atoms130
      • 8. - Interpolation and statistics132
      • 9. - The geological time scale132
      • 9.1. GTS 2004132
      • 9.2. GTS 2010133
      • 10. - Time scale creator134
      • Glossary137
      • References149
      • Editors, Authors and Translators165

  • Origine de la notice:
    • BNF
  • Disponible - 553 REY

    Niveau 2 - Sciences